Recent advancements in neurosurgery have focused on improving treatment outcomes for various neurological conditions. A multicenter randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy of surgery versus corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome, revealing that both interventions had similar adverse event rates, with 86% of surgery patients experiencing complications (ref: Palmbergen doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00368-X/). In the realm of glioblastoma treatment, a phase 1 trial investigated the intracerebroventricular delivery of bivalent CAR T cells targeting EGFR and IL-13Rα2, showing promise in addressing recurrent glioblastoma, which has a median overall survival of only 12-15 months (ref: Bagley doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-03745-0/). Furthermore, the KOMET study evaluated the safety and efficacy of selumetinib in adults with neurofibromatosis type 1 and inoperable plexiform neurofibromas, demonstrating significant treatment potential with a notable response rate (ref: Chen doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00986-9/). These studies underscore the ongoing efforts to refine surgical techniques and therapeutic strategies in neurosurgery, emphasizing the importance of innovative approaches to improve patient outcomes.

Neuro-oncology research has made significant strides in understanding and treating brain tumors, particularly glioblastoma. The phase 1 trial of CAR T cells targeting EGFR and IL-13Rα2 demonstrated a novel approach to treating recurrent glioblastoma, highlighting the need for effective therapies in this challenging context (ref: Bagley doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-03745-0/). Additionally, the introduction of RECODR, a computational pipeline for identifying drug targets to combat treatment resistance, represents a significant advancement in personalized cancer therapy (ref: Jassim doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2025.06.005/). Research also revealed that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) expressing LRRC15 can limit the efficacy of PD-1 immunotherapy in glioblastoma, suggesting that targeting the tumor microenvironment may enhance treatment outcomes (ref: Luo doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/). Furthermore, the establishment of Glioportal, a comprehensive biobank for glioblastoma research, aims to facilitate the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying tumor aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance (ref: Pang doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/). These findings collectively emphasize the complexity of glioblastoma and the necessity for multifaceted treatment strategies.

Research in neurodegenerative diseases has highlighted various mechanisms contributing to disease progression and potential therapeutic targets. A study on the role of the oxidative stress sensor protein Pirin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression revealed its involvement in inflammation, suggesting that targeting Pirin could be a novel therapeutic strategy (ref: Ma doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2024-334087/). Additionally, the quantification of neurofilament light chains (NfL) has emerged as a valuable biomarker for diagnosing and predicting neurological disorders, with significant variability in clinical practices across different centers (ref: Delaby doi.org/10.1002/alz.70343/). In Alzheimer's disease research, boosting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) expression in microglia demonstrated protective effects against amyloid-β plaque accumulation and cognitive decline in a mouse model, indicating a potential therapeutic avenue (ref: Gomez doi.org/10.1038/s43587-025-00879-1/). These studies underscore the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases to develop effective interventions.

Advancements in neuroscience have provided insights into the cellular mechanisms underlying various physiological processes and disorders. A study on senescence-resistant human mesenchymal progenitor cells demonstrated their potential to counteract aging in primates, highlighting the role of cellular resilience in mitigating age-related decline (ref: Lei doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2025.05.021/). Furthermore, the identification of a neuroendocrine circuit regulating sleep-dependent growth hormone release has elucidated the complex interactions between sleep and metabolic processes (ref: Ding doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2025.05.039/). Additionally, engrafted nitrergic neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells showed promise in improving gut motility in mice, addressing a significant medical challenge (ref: Majd doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09208-3/). These findings collectively enhance our understanding of neural function and its implications for health and disease.

Research on neuroinflammation and immune responses has revealed critical insights into the interplay between the immune system and neurological disorders. A systematic review and meta-analysis on anticoagulation timing after ischemic stroke indicated that early initiation of direct oral anticoagulants significantly reduced the risk of recurrent ischemic events (ref: Dehbi doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00439-8/). Additionally, a study demonstrated that radiotherapy enhances CD8 T cell responses through cGAMP transfer, suggesting a novel mechanism by which cancer therapies can stimulate anti-tumor immunity (ref: Cao doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.adn1630/). The characterization of perivascular cells supporting stem-like states in embryonal tumors further emphasizes the role of the tumor microenvironment in treatment resistance (ref: de Faria doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60442-9/). These findings highlight the importance of understanding immune mechanisms in developing effective treatments for neurological conditions.

Cerebrovascular research has focused on improving outcomes for patients with stroke and related conditions. A study on the integration of forebrain neural progenitors into host brain circuits post-ischemic stroke demonstrated their potential to enhance neural function and repair damaged circuits (ref: He doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60187-5/). Additionally, a multicenter trial on the timing of anticoagulation after ischemic stroke found that early initiation of treatment significantly reduced the risk of recurrent strokes (ref: Dehbi doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00439-8/). These findings underscore the importance of timely interventions in stroke management and the potential for cell-based therapies to improve recovery outcomes.

Innovations in neurotechnology and imaging have advanced our understanding of brain function and disease. The development of high-density silicon probes for large-scale neural recordings in nonhuman primates has enabled unprecedented insights into neural activity across brain regions (ref: Trautmann doi.org/10.1038/s41593-025-01976-5/). Additionally, research on neuron-derived signaling lipids has revealed their role in regulating metabolic adaptation in astrocytes, highlighting the dynamic interactions between neurons and glial cells (ref: Bhupana doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60402-3/). These advancements in neurotechnology are paving the way for improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in neurology.

Research in pain management and neuromodulation has explored novel therapeutic approaches for chronic pain conditions. A randomized controlled trial on stimulants for disorders of consciousness in the ICU found that methylphenidate significantly improved arousal levels compared to placebo (ref: Othman doi.org/10.1093/brain/). Furthermore, investigations into the role of parvalbumin interneurons in the anterior cingulate cortex revealed their selective impairment in chronic pain, suggesting potential targets for therapeutic intervention (ref: Lançon doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2502558122/). Additionally, a study on the effects of sleep deficiency on periodontal inflammation highlighted the involvement of trigeminal TRPV1 neurons, indicating a complex interplay between sleep and pain mechanisms (ref: Li doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2424169122/). These findings emphasize the need for innovative strategies to address chronic pain and its underlying mechanisms.