Recent studies have explored various neurosurgical interventions, particularly focusing on endovascular treatments and their outcomes. In a multicenter trial involving 530 patients, the efficacy of endovascular treatment (EVT) for medium-vessel occlusion was evaluated. The results indicated that 41.6% of patients in the EVT group achieved a modified Rankin scale score of 0 or 1 at 90 days, compared to 43.1% in the usual-care group, with no significant difference in symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rates (ref: Goyal doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2411668/). Another study investigated the combination of normobaric hyperoxia with EVT for acute ischemic stroke, revealing that patients receiving hyperoxia had superior functional outcomes at 90 days, with a median mRS score of 2 compared to 3 in the control group (ref: Li doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02809-5/). This suggests that adjunct therapies may enhance the effectiveness of standard interventions. Additionally, a cohort study comparing direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) to vitamin K antagonists for cerebral venous thrombosis found no significant differences in primary outcome events or mortality rates, indicating that DOACs are a safe alternative (ref: van de Munckhof doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(24)00519-2/). The VENTIBRAIN study further assessed mechanical ventilation practices in acute brain injury patients, highlighting variability in ventilator settings across ICUs and their association with clinical outcomes (ref: Robba doi.org/10.1007/s00134-025-07808-1/). Lastly, the impact of intravenous thrombolysis in patients on DOACs was evaluated, showing no significant differences in outcomes compared to those not on anticoagulation, reinforcing the safety of thrombolytic therapy in this population (ref: Matusevicius doi.org/10.1002/ana.27189/).

Research in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders has focused on the interplay between neuronal health and tumor biology, as well as the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. A study targeting PGE2-mediated senescent neurons demonstrated that modulating this pathway could improve tumor therapy outcomes, suggesting a complex interaction between glioblastoma and neuronal responses to treatment (ref: Zhao doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/). In the context of multiple sclerosis, a study profiling retinal ganglion cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis revealed that cellular rejuvenation could protect neurons from inflammation-mediated cell death, highlighting potential therapeutic avenues for neuroprotection (ref: Drake doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115298/). Additionally, the role of non-coding regulatory elements in autosomal dominant leukodystrophy was explored, identifying a silencer element that contributes to disease pathology, thus emphasizing the importance of genetic factors in neurodegenerative conditions (ref: Nmezi doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56378-9/). The modulation of blood-tumor barrier transcriptional programs was also investigated, revealing a 12-gene signature that could enhance drug delivery in glioblastoma, potentially improving therapeutic efficacy (ref: Jimenez-Macias doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adr1481/). Furthermore, personalized tumor-specific amplified DNA junctions were detected in the plasma of glioma patients, correlating with disease progression and offering insights into non-invasive monitoring strategies (ref: Ali doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-24-3233/).

The exploration of tumor biology and biomarkers in neurosurgery has yielded significant insights into glioma and other brain tumors. A multicenter prospective study evaluated the feasibility of detecting circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, finding that CSF is a reliable source for mutational analysis in glioma patients, with high concordance between ctDNA and tumor mutations (ref: Cabezas-Camarero doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2025.02.005/). This advancement underscores the potential for CSF as a biomarker reservoir in clinical practice. Additionally, the identification of phospho-tau serine-262 and serine-356 as biomarkers for pre-tangle soluble tau assemblies in Alzheimer's disease highlights the importance of targeting early tau pathology to improve therapeutic outcomes (ref: Islam doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03400-0/). A systematic review and meta-analysis on ablative therapies for localized renal cell carcinoma demonstrated the efficacy and safety of various non-invasive treatment options, indicating a shift towards less invasive approaches in oncological care (ref: Huang doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00731-9/). Furthermore, research on PTEN mutations revealed their role in impairing cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and cortical networks, linking genetic factors to neurodevelopmental disorders such as congenital hydrocephalus (ref: DeSpenza doi.org/10.1038/s41593-024-01865-3/). Lastly, a single-nucleus transcriptome atlas of the basal forebrain provided insights into aging-related pathways, enhancing our understanding of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms (ref: Chen doi.org/10.1093/brain/).

Innovations in neurosurgical techniques and technologies have advanced the field significantly, particularly in drug delivery and intraoperative diagnostics. A study on blood-brain barrier-crossing lipid nanoparticles demonstrated their ability to deliver mRNA to neurons and astrocytes effectively, presenting a promising platform for treating central nervous system diseases (ref: Wang doi.org/10.1038/s41563-024-02114-5/). This approach addresses the longstanding challenge of systemic mRNA delivery to the brain. Additionally, the introduction of ultra-rapid droplet digital PCR (UR-ddPCR) has revolutionized intraoperative tumor quantification, allowing for mutation burden measurements within 15 minutes, thereby facilitating real-time decision-making during surgeries (ref: Murphy doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2025.100604/). Furthermore, a study on glioma-white matter tract interactions revealed a three-tier classification system based on diffusion MRI, which correlates with tumor resection outcomes and highlights the importance of understanding tumor-tract relationships in surgical planning (ref: Hu doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/). These advancements not only improve surgical precision but also enhance patient outcomes by integrating cutting-edge technologies into clinical practice. Lastly, research on historical loss and its impact on competitive behavior in a naturalistic paradigm provides insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of competitive dynamics, potentially informing therapeutic strategies for behavioral disorders (ref: Lai doi.org/10.1038/s41421-024-00751-3/).

Genetic and molecular insights into brain tumors have revealed critical information regarding their classification and underlying mechanisms. A study on splicing diversity in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) highlighted the limitations of current pathological classification systems, suggesting that molecular characteristics based on splicing patterns could enhance tumor heterogeneity assessment (ref: Huang doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56821-x/). This finding emphasizes the need for refined classification systems that incorporate molecular data. Additionally, the role of the NF2 gene in embryonic development was explored, revealing its essential function in germ layer specification and its implications for tumorigenesis in Schwann cell tumors (ref: Jeong doi.org/10.1002/advs.202410909/). The genetic landscape of dystonia was further elucidated through combined genomics and proteomics, uncovering elusive variants and significant heterogeneity in this rare disease (ref: Zech doi.org/10.1093/brain/). These studies collectively underscore the importance of integrating genetic and molecular data to improve diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic strategies in brain tumors, paving the way for personalized medicine approaches in neurosurgery.

Research on patient outcomes and quality of life in neurosurgery has focused on end-of-life care, cognitive impacts of neurodegenerative diseases, and the role of biomarkers in monitoring disease progression. A population-based study on end-of-life care in glioblastoma patients revealed a significant increase in supportive care components over time, alongside a decrease in in-hospital deaths and hospitalizations prior to death, indicating improvements in care quality (ref: Ellenbogen doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/). This highlights the evolving landscape of palliative care in neurosurgery. Additionally, a study examining the degeneration of the hippocampus and basal forebrain in Lewy body spectrum disorders found that cognitive impairment is significantly associated with structural changes in these regions, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to preserve cognitive function (ref: Rau doi.org/10.1093/brain/). The identification of personalized tumor-specific amplified DNA junctions in high-grade gliomas also offers a non-invasive method for monitoring disease trajectory, correlating with clinical outcomes and treatment responses (ref: Ali doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-24-3233/). Furthermore, the exploration of combined genomics and proteomics in dystonia has unveiled aetiologic heterogeneity, which could inform future therapeutic strategies (ref: Zech doi.org/10.1093/brain/). Collectively, these findings underscore the importance of integrating patient-centered approaches in neurosurgical care to enhance quality of life and optimize treatment outcomes.