The interplay between the immune system and tumor microenvironment is crucial in understanding tumor progression, particularly in brain tumors. Maas et al. conducted an in-depth analysis of neutrophils in glioma and brain metastasis patients, revealing that the local microenvironment significantly drives neutrophil activation and function (ref: Maas doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.043/). This study highlights the complexity of immune cell roles in tumors, suggesting that neutrophils may have both pro-tumor and anti-tumor functions depending on the context. In contrast, Wang et al. explored genetic intratumor heterogeneity in lung cancer brain metastases, demonstrating that such heterogeneity remodels the immune microenvironment and facilitates immune evasion (ref: Wang doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2023.09.276/). Their findings underscore the challenges in targeting these tumors with immunotherapy due to the dynamic nature of the immune landscape. Additionally, Tobochnik et al. identified specific somatic mutations associated with hyperexcitability in gliomas, linking genetic alterations to clinical manifestations such as seizures (ref: Tobochnik doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/). This connection between genetic profiles and immune response further emphasizes the need for personalized approaches in treating brain tumors. Chen et al. introduced a paracrine circuit involving IL-1β that drives glioblastoma progression, suggesting that targeting this pathway could be a potential therapeutic strategy (ref: Chen doi.org/10.1172/JCI163802/). Overall, these studies collectively illustrate the intricate relationship between tumor genetics, immune cell dynamics, and the tumor microenvironment, highlighting potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.

Research into neurodegenerative disorders has revealed critical insights into the underlying mechanisms of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Gazestani et al. provided a novel perspective on early Alzheimer's disease pathology by identifying transient cell states in cortical biopsies from living individuals, suggesting that these states may play a role in disease progression (ref: Gazestani doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.005/). This study emphasizes the importance of understanding cellular dynamics in the context of neurodegeneration. In a different approach, Zhang et al. demonstrated that astrocyte-specific overexpression of TMEM164 can alleviate symptoms in mouse models of both Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's, indicating a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders (ref: Zhang doi.org/10.1038/s42255-023-00887-8/). Furthermore, Ferrari-Souza et al. explored the impact of the APOEε4 allele on tau pathology, revealing that it exacerbates the effects of amyloid-β, thus contributing to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (ref: Ferrari-Souza doi.org/10.1038/s43587-023-00490-2/). These findings collectively highlight the multifaceted nature of neurodegenerative diseases and the need for targeted therapeutic strategies. Additionally, the development of portable low-field MRI technology by Kimberly et al. opens new avenues for neuroimaging, potentially enhancing the diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative conditions (ref: Kimberly doi.org/10.1038/s44222-023-00086-w/).

Innovations in neurosurgical techniques are paving the way for less invasive procedures and improved patient outcomes. Price et al. introduced a joystick-controlled endoscopic robot designed to enhance surgical precision while minimizing invasiveness during brain surgeries (ref: Price doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adg6042/). This advancement could significantly alter the landscape of neurosurgery, allowing for complex procedures to be performed through smaller incisions. In a related study, Lyden et al. established the Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network (SPAN) to rigorously evaluate candidate treatments for acute ischemic stroke, emphasizing the importance of preclinical trials in developing effective interventions (ref: Lyden doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adg8656/). Furthermore, Germann et al. compared deep brain stimulation (DBS) and magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) for tremor control, providing insights into optimal targeting for these therapies (ref: Germann doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-330795/). These studies reflect a growing emphasis on refining surgical techniques and enhancing the efficacy of treatments for neurological disorders, ultimately aiming to improve patient care and outcomes.

Advancements in imaging technologies and biomarker identification are crucial for improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning in neurosurgery. Michalska et al. developed a comprehensive imaging technique called CATS, which allows for detailed mapping of brain tissue architecture at multiple scales, enhancing our understanding of brain connectivity and pathology (ref: Michalska doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01911-8/). This technique could significantly aid in the surgical planning and assessment of brain tumors. Additionally, Dong et al. explored a designer peptide targeting the EAG2-Kv2.2 potassium channel, which interacts with neurons at the tumor-brain interface, presenting a novel approach to glioblastoma treatment (ref: Dong doi.org/10.1038/s43018-023-00626-8/). Moreover, Goswami et al. identified KDM6B as an epigenetic regulator that enhances the efficacy of PD-1 blockade in glioblastoma, suggesting that targeting myeloid cell phenotypes could improve immunotherapy responses (ref: Goswami doi.org/10.1038/s43018-023-00620-0/). These findings underscore the potential of integrating advanced imaging techniques with biomarker research to enhance therapeutic strategies in neurosurgery.

The exploration of tumor genetics is essential for developing targeted therapies and understanding patient outcomes in neuro-oncology. Oddo et al. investigated the Neurological Pupil Index (NPi) as a prognostic tool for acute brain injury, demonstrating its association with neurological outcomes and mortality (ref: Oddo doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00271-5/). This study highlights the importance of integrating genetic and clinical data to improve patient management. Jain et al. introduced a novel approach using wireless electrical-molecular quantum signaling to induce apoptosis in cancer cells, showcasing innovative strategies for cancer treatment (ref: Jain doi.org/10.1038/s41565-023-01496-y/). Furthermore, Rojo et al. examined the role of BMAL1 in oligodendrocytes, revealing its impact on myelination and sleep, which could have implications for understanding neurodevelopmental disorders (ref: Rojo doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.002/). These studies collectively emphasize the significance of genetic insights in shaping therapeutic approaches and improving clinical outcomes in neuro-oncology.

Research on neurovascular and ischemic disorders has highlighted critical factors influencing patient outcomes and treatment efficacy. Nogueira et al. demonstrated that higher procedural volumes in hospitals correlate with improved functional outcomes and reduced mortality in patients undergoing endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke (ref: Nogueira doi.org/10.1002/ana.26803/). This finding underscores the importance of experience and specialization in managing complex neurovascular conditions. Additionally, Li et al. found that intensive blood pressure reduction is associated with decreased hematoma growth in fast-bleeding intracerebral hemorrhage patients, suggesting that early intervention can significantly impact patient prognosis (ref: Li doi.org/10.1002/ana.26795/). Furthermore, the establishment of the Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network (SPAN) by Lyden et al. aims to enhance the rigor of preclinical trials for stroke treatments, addressing the challenges faced in translating findings to clinical practice (ref: Lyden doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adg8656/). These studies collectively highlight the critical role of procedural expertise and timely interventions in improving outcomes for patients with neurovascular disorders.

Understanding clinical outcomes and patient management strategies is vital for improving care in neuro-oncology. Bihn et al. provided insights into brain tumor statistics among U.S. military veterans, revealing demographic trends and potential disparities in diagnosis and treatment (ref: Bihn doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/). This study emphasizes the need for tailored approaches to address the unique challenges faced by this population. Randall et al. identified germline variants in BARD1 associated with neuroblastoma, highlighting the genetic underpinnings of this complex disease and the implications for patient management and treatment strategies (ref: Randall doi.org/10.1093/jnci/). Additionally, Zhao et al. proposed a novel CRISPR/Cas12a regulation strategy to enhance the performance of gene editing technologies, which could have significant implications for therapeutic applications in neuro-oncology (ref: Zhao doi.org/10.1093/nar/). These findings collectively underscore the importance of integrating genetic insights and clinical data to optimize patient management and treatment outcomes in neuro-oncology.

Research into neurodevelopment and plasticity has revealed critical insights into the mechanisms underlying brain function and disease. Umemura et al. conducted a phase 1 trial evaluating combined cytotoxic and immune-stimulatory gene therapy for high-grade gliomas, demonstrating safety and feasibility, which could pave the way for future therapeutic strategies (ref: Umemura doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00347-9/). This study highlights the potential for innovative approaches to enhance treatment efficacy in neuro-oncology. Mueller et al. explored the phases of ictogenesis in hippocampal seizures, providing valuable insights into the dynamics of seizure development and potential therapeutic targets (ref: Mueller doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41711-x/). Furthermore, Brum et al. evaluated a two-step workflow for screening amyloid-β positivity in patients with cognitive impairment, emphasizing the need for efficient diagnostic strategies in neurodegenerative disorders (ref: Brum doi.org/10.1038/s43587-023-00471-5/). These studies collectively underscore the importance of understanding neurodevelopmental processes and their implications for therapeutic interventions in both neuro-oncology and neurodegenerative diseases.