Research on gliomas, particularly those with IDH mutations, has revealed critical vulnerabilities that can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. A study identified that IDH1-mutant glioma cells exhibit heightened sensitivity to inhibitors of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway, particularly dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue for these aggressive tumors (ref: Shi doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2022.07.011/). Similarly, another investigation into diffuse midline glioma (DMG) highlighted a selective dependency on the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, driven by oncohistone mutations, which could inform drug development strategies (ref: Pal doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2022.07.012/). The prognostic implications of surgical interventions in glioblastoma were also explored, with findings indicating that the classification system for extent of resection can significantly stratify patient outcomes, emphasizing the importance of removing non-contrast enhancing (non-CE) tumor tissue for improved survival rates (ref: Karschnia doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/). Furthermore, a national-level analysis of survival patterns for molecularly-defined diffuse glioma types revealed distinct overall survival outcomes based on molecular characteristics, underscoring the need for personalized treatment approaches (ref: Ostrom doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/). The incidence of pseudoprogression in IDH-mutant high-grade gliomas was also characterized, providing insights into diagnostic challenges and treatment responses in this patient population (ref: Seyve doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/).

The exploration of biomarkers in neurodegenerative disorders has gained momentum, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A study focusing on the genetics of human microglia identified regulatory mechanisms for 21 AD risk loci, refining our understanding of how genetic variations influence microglial function and AD pathology (ref: Kosoy doi.org/10.1038/s41588-022-01149-1/). Additionally, the role of astrocytes as biomarkers was examined, revealing significant associations between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and tau pathologies in AD patients, suggesting that astrocyte activation may serve as a critical indicator of disease progression (ref: Ferrari-Souza doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01716-2/). The longitudinal study of plasma GFAP levels in familial AD demonstrated distinct patterns between symptomatic and presymptomatic mutation carriers, highlighting its potential as a predictive biomarker (ref: O'Connor doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-329663/). Furthermore, the study of MeCP2's role in ischemic neuronal injury revealed its involvement in enhancing methylation processes that protect against neuronal apoptosis, indicating a novel therapeutic target (ref: Meng doi.org/10.1038/s12276-022-00790-4/). Contrarily, findings on the dual role of EGFR in glioblastoma suggested that ligand-activated EGFR may suppress invasion while promoting proliferation, complicating the understanding of its role in tumor biology (ref: Guo doi.org/10.1038/s41556-022-00962-4/).

Innovations in neurosurgery techniques have shown promising results in improving patient outcomes. A pilot study on responsive deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the nucleus accumbens for patients with binge eating disorder demonstrated the potential of this technique to modulate cravings and improve control over eating behaviors (ref: Shivacharan doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01941-w/). In the context of traumatic brain injury (TBI), the prognostic value of plasma biomarkers GFAP and UCH-L1 was assessed, revealing their ability to predict functional recovery and mortality, thus enhancing the clinical management of TBI patients (ref: Korley doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00256-3/). Additionally, the incremental prognostic value of serum biomarkers over traditional models was confirmed, indicating that incorporating these biomarkers can significantly improve outcome predictions (ref: Helmrich doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00218-6/). The classification system for extent of resection in glioblastoma was validated, showing that removing non-CE tumor tissue correlates with improved survival, which may influence surgical strategies in clinical practice (ref: Karschnia doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/). Furthermore, the efficacy of trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases was evaluated, demonstrating its potential as a therapeutic option in this challenging population (ref: Bartsch doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01935-8/).

The intersection of neuroimmunology and inflammation has been a focal point in understanding various neurological conditions. A novel method, MIPSA, was developed to identify autoantibodies associated with severe COVID-19, revealing the presence of neutralizing type-I and type-III interferon autoantibodies in patients, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of severe disease (ref: Credle doi.org/10.1038/s41551-022-00925-y/). Additionally, research into cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) highlighted the role of immunothrombosis and vascular heterogeneity, demonstrating that Ccm3-deficient endothelial cells exhibit increased expression of coagulation-related genes, which may influence the progression of CCMs (ref: Globisch doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021015350/). The efficacy of VWF-targeted thrombolysis in overcoming resistance to standard thrombolytic agents in ischemic stroke models was also investigated, showing significant improvements in cortical reperfusion and lesion volume reduction (ref: van Moorsel doi.org/10.1182/blood.2022016342/). Furthermore, the study of gliosis in pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy revealed distinct clinical outcomes compared to hippocampal sclerosis, emphasizing the need for tailored therapeutic approaches based on underlying pathology (ref: Grote doi.org/10.1093/brain/).

Research into neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders has unveiled significant insights into diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. A study utilizing 89Zr-panitumumab in combination with 18F-FDG PET/CT demonstrated improved detection and staging of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, showcasing the potential of targeted radiotracers in enhancing diagnostic accuracy (ref: Lee doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-22-0094/). Single-cell DNA sequencing in meningiomas revealed the order of mutational acquisition, providing a deeper understanding of tumor evolution and potential therapeutic targets (ref: Dogan doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02485-6/). Additionally, a systematic review and meta-analysis on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) highlighted the progression and regression rates of various disease states, which could inform clinical management strategies (ref: Le doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2022.07.033/). The role of dedifferentiated Schwann cell-derived TGF-β3 in promoting wound healing was also elucidated, indicating its importance in neural repair processes (ref: Ou doi.org/10.7150/thno.72317/). These findings collectively underscore the complexity of neurodevelopmental disorders and the need for integrated approaches in their management.

Therapeutic innovations in neurosurgery have been pivotal in addressing complex clinical challenges. A cohort study examining abusive head trauma (AHT) in infants during the COVID-19 pandemic revealed a concerning increase in incidence and severity, prompting calls for heightened awareness and preventive measures in pediatric care (ref: Lãzãrescu doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26182/). The evaluation of small study effects in diagnostic imaging accuracy meta-analyses highlighted the need for rigorous methodologies to ensure reliable diagnostic outcomes (ref: Lu doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.28776/). Furthermore, genome-wide analyses of individual differences in reading and language skills underscored the genetic influences on these fundamental capacities, which may have implications for educational and therapeutic interventions (ref: Eising doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2202764119/). The investigation into the excitatory rebound induced by valproic acid suggested a potential predictor for inadequate seizure control, emphasizing the need for personalized treatment strategies in epilepsy management (ref: Zou doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104218/). Lastly, a novel approach using a tree-structure-guided graph convolutional network for assessing parkinsonian hand movements represents a significant step towards objective evaluation methods in neuropsychiatric disorders (ref: Guo doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2022.102560/).