Research in neurotrauma and neurodegeneration has highlighted the complex interplay between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). One study demonstrated that TBI induces tau acetylation, a modification also observed in AD brains, through mechanisms involving S-nitrosylated-GAPDH, which inhibits Sirtuin1 and activates p300/CBP acetyltransferase, leading to increased neuronal ac-tau levels (ref: Shin doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.032/). Another significant contribution to this theme is the pooled analysis of strategic infarct locations for post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI), which identified a location impact score based on voxel-wise coefficients that effectively predicts PSCI risk, outperforming traditional models that include multiple clinical predictors (ref: Weaver doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00060-0/). Additionally, longitudinal transcriptomic profiling in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage revealed dynamic myeloid activation stages, providing insights into the inflammatory responses following brain injury (ref: Askenase doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abd6279/). These findings collectively underscore the importance of understanding the molecular and cellular responses to neurotrauma as potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases.

The field of neuro-oncology has seen significant advancements, particularly in the treatment of pediatric high-grade gliomas. A phase 1 trial of oncolytic HSV-1 G207 demonstrated promising results, with evidence of responses in patients receiving this therapy, either alone or in combination with radiation, despite the historically poor outcomes associated with these tumors (ref: Friedman doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2024947/). Furthermore, a systematic review highlighted the increased risk of subsequent CNS neoplasms among childhood cancer survivors exposed to cranial radiotherapy, emphasizing the need for vigilant surveillance to improve early diagnosis and intervention (ref: Bowers doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30688-4/). Additionally, the incidence of major subtypes of primary brain tumors in adults was characterized using data from the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, revealing critical demographic and morphological insights (ref: Wanis doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/). These studies collectively illustrate the ongoing challenges and innovations in the management of brain tumors, particularly in vulnerable populations.

Neuroimmunology research has focused on the intricate relationships between immune responses and neurological conditions. A novel approach using barcoded viral tracing combined with single-cell RNA sequencing (RABID-seq) allowed for the identification of axon guidance molecules that mediate microglia-astrocyte interactions, potentially influencing the pathology of conditions like multiple sclerosis (ref: Clark doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1230/). Additionally, a pivotal trial investigating vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitation for upper limb function post-stroke revealed significant improvements in motor function, suggesting a promising therapeutic avenue for long-term recovery (ref: Dawson doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00475-X/). The longitudinal study of myeloid activation following intracerebral hemorrhage further elucidated the inflammatory dynamics in the human brain, providing critical insights into the immune response to acute brain injuries (ref: Askenase doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abd6279/). Together, these studies highlight the potential for targeted immunomodulatory therapies in enhancing recovery from neurological injuries.

Neurorehabilitation strategies are evolving with the integration of novel therapeutic approaches. The VNS-REHAB trial demonstrated that vagus nerve stimulation combined with rehabilitation significantly improved upper limb function in stroke patients, with a notable increase in the FMA-UE score compared to controls (ref: Dawson doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00475-X/). Additionally, research on the sequence of αPD-1 therapy relative to local tumor irradiation has revealed that the timing of immunotherapy can influence the induction of systemic antitumor immune responses, which may enhance the efficacy of combined treatment modalities (ref: Wei doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abg0117/). Furthermore, a pooled analysis of individual patient data from multiple stroke cohorts identified strategic infarct locations that predict cognitive impairment, underscoring the importance of targeted rehabilitation strategies based on infarct characteristics (ref: Weaver doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00060-0/). These findings collectively emphasize the need for personalized rehabilitation approaches that consider both neurological and immunological factors.

Research in neurodevelopment and neurogenesis has unveiled critical insights into the cellular mechanisms underlying various neurological disorders. A study on fragile X syndrome highlighted the role of PI3K signaling in translation and neurogenesis, demonstrating that pharmacological inhibition can correct defects in patient-derived neural cells (ref: Raj doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108991/). Additionally, dietary spermidine was shown to enhance cognitive function by promoting autophagy and mitochondrial function, suggesting potential dietary interventions for age-related cognitive decline (ref: Schroeder doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108985/). Furthermore, the identification of metabolic adaptations in medulloblastoma linked to inositol metabolism underscores the significance of epigenetic regulation in pediatric brain tumors (ref: Badodi doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22379-7/). These studies collectively highlight the importance of understanding developmental pathways and their implications for therapeutic strategies in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Neurophysiology research has advanced our understanding of neural circuitry and its implications for behavior and pathology. A study investigating dopamine release in the substantia nigra revealed that somatodendritic dopamine release activates D2 autoreceptors, providing insights into the regulatory mechanisms of dopaminergic neurons (ref: Hikima doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108951/). Additionally, research on hedonic feeding mechanisms identified input-specific modulation in the nucleus accumbens, shedding light on the neural circuits involved in excessive feeding behaviors associated with obesity (ref: Christoffel doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22430-7/). Furthermore, the discovery of an adenosine-based regulatory mechanism that integrates light and sleep signaling offers new perspectives on circadian timing and sleep regulation (ref: Jagannath doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22179-z/). These findings collectively underscore the complexity of neural circuitry and its critical role in both physiological and pathological states.

Innovations in neurotechnology are paving the way for enhanced therapeutic interventions. The development of DANNCE, a geometric deep learning framework, allows for robust 3D tracking of animal movements across species and environments, facilitating comprehensive behavioral analysis (ref: Dunn doi.org/10.1038/s41592-021-01106-6/). This technological advancement addresses the limitations of traditional 2D tracking methods, particularly in dynamic settings. Additionally, the modulation of neural circuits involved in hedonic feeding has been explored, revealing potential targets for obesity treatment (ref: Christoffel doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22430-7/). These advancements highlight the intersection of technology and neuroscience, emphasizing the potential for innovative approaches to understanding and treating neurological disorders.

Research in neuropsychology and cognitive function has focused on the impact of neurological events on cognitive outcomes. A pooled analysis of stroke cohorts identified strategic infarct locations that significantly predict post-stroke cognitive impairment, emphasizing the importance of targeted rehabilitation strategies based on infarct characteristics (ref: Weaver doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00060-0/). Additionally, the exploration of immune checkpoint blockade in conjunction with radiotherapy has revealed insights into the conditions that can enhance systemic antitumor immune responses, potentially influencing cognitive outcomes in cancer patients (ref: Wei doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abg0117/). These findings underscore the interconnectedness of cognitive function, neurological injury, and therapeutic interventions, highlighting the need for comprehensive approaches in neuropsychological research.