The need for standardized clinical data in meningioma research has become increasingly important due to the growing complexity of molecular analyses. The International Consortium on Meningiomas has developed a set of core clinical data elements (CDEs) aimed at harmonizing the terminology and data collection methods across various research centers. This initiative follows a rigorous four-phase process, including discovery, internal validation, external validation, and distribution, ensuring that the CDEs are both comprehensive and applicable across different clinical settings (ref: Nassiri doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/). In addition to standardization efforts, recent studies have highlighted the prognostic implications of specific genetic mutations, such as TERT promoter mutations, which have been associated with increased recurrence risk in meningioma patients. This correlation underscores the importance of integrating molecular data into clinical practice to enhance patient stratification and treatment planning (ref: Mirian doi.org/10.1111/nan.12773/). Furthermore, the impact of multiple lesions on progression-free survival has been documented, revealing that patients with multiple meningiomas experience significantly worse outcomes compared to those with a single lesion, emphasizing the need for tailored follow-up strategies (ref: Ramos-Fresnedo doi.org/10.3171/2021.8.JNS211252/).

Recent advancements in the molecular understanding of meningiomas have identified key genetic alterations that contribute to tumor behavior and patient outcomes. Notably, mutations in the AKT1 gene have been implicated in the aggressive phenotype of meningiomas, suggesting that targeted therapies may be developed based on these molecular insights (ref: John doi.org/10.1111/nan.12780/). Additionally, the identification of specific gene fusions, such as FET-CREB, has revealed distinct epigenetic subgroups of intracranial mesenchymal tumors, which differ from traditional meningiomas, highlighting the heterogeneity within brain tumors and the necessity for precise molecular classification (ref: Sloan doi.org/10.1111/bpa.13037/). Furthermore, the integration of resting mast cell-related genes into prognostic models has shown promise in identifying potential therapeutic targets, thereby enhancing treatment strategies for meningioma patients (ref: Xie doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08931-0/). These findings collectively emphasize the critical role of molecular profiling in advancing personalized medicine approaches for meningioma management.

The exploration of treatment strategies for meningiomas has seen significant developments, particularly in the context of adjuvant therapies and surgical techniques. A recent study demonstrated that the administration of eribulin, a microtubule inhibitor, significantly prolonged survival in orthotopic xenograft models of malignant meningioma, indicating its potential as a therapeutic option for aggressive tumor types (ref: Nakano doi.org/10.1111/cas.15221/). Additionally, the feasibility of extended endoscopic transorbital approaches has been validated through cadaveric studies, with clinical applications showing promising results in managing complex meningioma cases (ref: Lim doi.org/10.3171/2021.7.JNS21996/). Furthermore, the integration of clinical genomics into treatment decision-making has been proposed, aiming to identify predictive biomarkers that could guide adjuvant treatment strategies, thereby improving patient outcomes (ref: Deng doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.747592/). These advancements underscore the importance of innovative treatment modalities and the need for ongoing research to refine therapeutic approaches for meningioma patients.

Understanding the prognostic factors associated with meningiomas is crucial for effective risk stratification and management. Recent studies have highlighted the significant impact of multiple lesions on progression-free survival, with multivariable analyses revealing that patients with multiple meningiomas have a markedly higher risk of progression compared to those with a single lesion (hazard ratio 2.262, p = 0.001) (ref: Ramos-Fresnedo doi.org/10.3171/2021.8.JNS211252/). Additionally, the presence of central nervous system invasion has been linked to increased proliferative activity in meningiomas, suggesting that histopathological features can serve as important indicators of tumor behavior (ref: Behling doi.org/10.1007/s11060-021-03892-7/). Furthermore, established clinical and histopathological risk factors, such as tumor location and histological grade, have been shown to correlate with recurrence rates, emphasizing the need for tailored follow-up protocols based on these factors (ref: Lüthge doi.org/10.1007/s10143-021-01697-w/). Collectively, these findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of meningioma prognosis and highlight the importance of individualized patient management strategies.

The epidemiology of meningiomas has been extensively studied, revealing important trends in incidence and demographics. A comprehensive analysis conducted in the province of Catania identified a total of 3,819 cases of primary brain tumors, with meningiomas exhibiting a female-to-male ratio of 1.45, indicating a higher prevalence among females (ref: Chebil doi.org/10.1159/000519512/). Additionally, a study on the spatial distribution of adult-onset CNS tumors in Southern Sardinia provided insights into the incidence rates and highlighted the need for region-specific data to inform public health strategies (ref: Pierri doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05747-5/). Furthermore, investigations into the natural history of primary intraparenchymal lesions associated with neurofibromatosis type 2 have underscored the clinical implications of these lesions, with a significant proportion observed during follow-up (ref: Ishi doi.org/10.1007/s00234-021-02809-5/). These studies collectively enhance our understanding of meningioma epidemiology and underscore the importance of continuous monitoring and research in this field.

Advancements in radiological and surgical approaches for meningiomas have significantly improved patient outcomes. The integration of adjuvant radiotherapy has been a common strategy, with recent studies exploring the predictive biomarkers that could inform treatment decisions (ref: Deng doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.747592/). Additionally, a dosimetric comparison of proton radiosurgery techniques has revealed that the use of apertures can enhance treatment efficacy by reducing brain tissue exposure while maintaining target coverage, particularly in meningioma cases (ref: Righetto doi.org/10.1002/acm2.13459/). Moreover, the relationship between spinal cord compression and clinical symptoms in patients with spinal meningiomas has been elucidated, establishing a critical threshold for tumor occupancy that correlates with neurological deficits (ref: Corell doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.107018/). These findings highlight the ongoing evolution of surgical techniques and radiological assessments in optimizing meningioma management.

Innovative techniques and technologies are transforming the management of meningiomas, particularly through advancements in surgical approaches and imaging technologies. The extended endoscopic transorbital approach, validated through cadaveric studies, has shown promise in enhancing surgical access and outcomes for complex meningioma cases (ref: Lim doi.org/10.3171/2021.7.JNS21996/). Additionally, the application of artificial intelligence and radiomics in the evaluation of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors has emerged as a promising area of research, offering potential for improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning (ref: Koong doi.org/10.1007/s00234-021-02845-1/). Furthermore, a population-based study on incidental findings from neuroimaging has provided valuable insights into the prevalence and clinical relevance of such findings, emphasizing the need for standardized protocols in managing incidental meningiomas (ref: Lohner doi.org/10.1007/s00234-021-02852-2/). These innovative approaches underscore the importance of integrating new technologies into clinical practice to enhance the management of meningiomas.