Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as crucial players in cancer biology, serving as vehicles for intercellular communication and potential biomarkers for diagnosis. One study highlights the use of enzymatically triggered spherical DNA nanomotors to detect active enzymes encapsulated in EVs, specifically apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), which is pivotal in base excision repair. This method demonstrated high sensitivity across various biological samples, indicating its potential for early cancer diagnosis (ref: Deng doi.org/10.1002/anie.202417165/). Another significant finding is the role of myofibroblast-derived EVs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), where the transfer of integrin alpha 5 (ITGA5) to tumor cells was shown to induce cancer stem cell-like properties, suggesting a mechanism by which the tumor microenvironment can influence cancer progression (ref: Xiao doi.org/10.1186/s12943-024-02170-0/). Additionally, a dual-synergistic nanomodulator was developed to alleviate PD-L1 expression in exosomes, rejuvenating exhausted cytotoxic T lymphocytes and enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy in HCC, thus showcasing the therapeutic potential of targeting EVs in cancer treatment (ref: Zhu doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c11257/).

The role of extracellular vesicles in metabolic disorders, particularly nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has garnered attention due to their involvement in lipid metabolism regulation. A study demonstrated that platelet-derived mitochondria within EVs can regulate lipid metabolism in NASH, highlighting the significance of immune cell-derived EVs in the disease's pathogenesis (ref: Liao doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000001149/). Furthermore, mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEV) were shown to restore nasal barrier function in allergic rhinitis, indicating their potential therapeutic role in metabolic and inflammatory conditions (ref: Xu doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2024.10.034/). The production of glycans and glycopeptides through mammalian cell-based systems also plays a crucial role in understanding metabolic pathways, as these biomolecules are essential for various biological functions (ref: Jaroentomeechai doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53738-9/).

Extracellular vesicles are pivotal in modulating immune responses, particularly in the context of cancer and infectious diseases. The therapeutic potential of MSC-sEV in allergic rhinitis was explored, revealing their ability to enhance epithelial cell function and restore nasal barrier integrity via the miR-143-GSK3B pathway (ref: Xu doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2024.10.034/). In cancer, a study focused on a dual-synergistic nanomodulator that targets exosomal PD-L1 expression, which rejuvenates exhausted cytotoxic T lymphocytes, thereby improving the effectiveness of immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (ref: Zhu doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c11257/). Additionally, EVs containing SARS-CoV-2 proteins have been linked to multi-organ dysfunction in severe COVID-19 cases, emphasizing the need for biomarkers to understand the immune response and potential sequelae of the disease (ref: de Miguel-Perez doi.org/10.1002/jev2.70001/).

Research on extracellular vesicles in neurological disorders has highlighted their potential in therapeutic applications, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A study demonstrated that EVs derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells can alleviate pro-inflammatory cascades in disease-associated microglia, suggesting a novel approach to modulating neuroinflammation in AD (ref: Madhu doi.org/10.1002/jev2.12519/). Furthermore, the presence of EVs containing SARS-CoV-2 proteins has been associated with severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients, indicating their role in multi-organ dysfunction and the need for further investigation into their implications for neurological health (ref: de Miguel-Perez doi.org/10.1002/jev2.70001/). These findings underscore the importance of EVs in understanding and potentially treating neurological disorders.

Extracellular vesicles are gaining traction in biotechnological applications, particularly in therapeutic development and production methodologies. A novel millifluidic vortex transport system was introduced for high-yield bioproduction of EVs from stem cell spheroids, demonstrating the feasibility of obtaining biologically active EVs from minimal cell numbers (ref: Thouvenot doi.org/10.1002/adma.202412498/). Additionally, the production of glycans and glycopeptides through mammalian cell systems is crucial for advancing our understanding of cellular interactions and developing glycoprotein therapeutics (ref: Jaroentomeechai doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53738-9/). The exploration of natural lignocellulose scaffolds for sustainable electronics also highlights the versatility of EVs in addressing environmental challenges while stabilizing bio-sourced materials (ref: Nair doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adq3276/).

In regenerative medicine, extracellular vesicles are being explored for their therapeutic potential in tissue repair and regeneration. The use of MSC-sEV has shown promise in restoring nasal barrier function in allergic rhinitis, indicating their role in enhancing epithelial cell integrity and function (ref: Xu doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2024.10.034/). Furthermore, the production of glycans and glycopeptides through engineered mammalian cells is essential for developing regenerative therapies, as these molecules play critical roles in cellular signaling and tissue homeostasis (ref: Jaroentomeechai doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53738-9/). The integration of EVs in biotechnological applications also supports their potential in regenerative medicine, providing innovative solutions for tissue engineering and repair.

Extracellular vesicles are increasingly recognized for their role in infectious diseases, particularly in the context of COVID-19. Research has shown that EVs containing SARS-CoV-2 proteins are associated with severe outcomes and multi-organ dysfunction in infected patients, highlighting the need for effective biomarkers to predict disease progression (ref: de Miguel-Perez doi.org/10.1002/jev2.70001/). Additionally, the exploration of EVs in the context of immune responses to infections underscores their potential as therapeutic agents. The study of platelet-derived mitochondria and their regulation of lipid metabolism in NASH also points to the broader implications of EVs in infectious and metabolic diseases (ref: Liao doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000001149/).