Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in various disease mechanisms, particularly in neuroinflammatory and cancer contexts. For instance, Gu et al. demonstrated that leucocyte-derived EVs can be engineered to incorporate retrovirus-like capsids, enhancing the packaging and systemic delivery of mRNA into neurons across the blood-brain barrier, which is particularly significant for treating neurological disorders (ref: Gu doi.org/10.1038/s41551-023-01150-x/). In the context of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), Jiang et al. explored how astrocyte-derived EVs (ADEVs) may alleviate symptoms in a mouse model, highlighting their potential therapeutic role in autoimmune diseases affecting the central nervous system (ref: Jiang doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adg5116/). Furthermore, Gao et al. found that EVs from M1 macrophages can induce ferroptosis in pancreatic beta cells during acute pancreatitis, illustrating the pathological influence of EVs derived from inflammatory cells (ref: Gao doi.org/10.1002/jev2.12410/). These studies collectively underscore the multifaceted roles of EVs in mediating both disease progression and potential therapeutic interventions across different conditions, including cancer and neuroinflammation. In addition to their roles in specific diseases, the broader implications of EVs in systemic communication and inflammation are also noteworthy. For example, Papareddy et al. investigated how EV fusion with target cells can trigger systemic inflammation without additional stimulation, indicating a direct mechanism through which EVs can modulate cellular responses to inflammatory signals (ref: Papareddy doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45125-1/). Moreover, Xu et al. reported that elevated levels of extracellular matrix protein 1 in circulating small EVs under obesity conditions support breast cancer progression, linking metabolic disorders with cancer biology (ref: Xu doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45995-5/). Together, these findings highlight the critical role of EVs in mediating disease mechanisms and their potential as therapeutic targets.

The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancer research has gained significant attention, particularly regarding their involvement in tumor progression and metastasis. Deng et al. focused on how S100A11 packaged in EVs from osteosarcoma cells can mediate the formation of a lung premetastatic niche by recruiting granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (gMDSCs), thus facilitating tumor colonization (ref: Deng doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113751/). This study emphasizes the importance of EVs in the crosstalk between primary tumors and distant organs, highlighting their role in preparing the metastatic environment. Additionally, Yang et al. explored the impact of aged breast matrix-bound vesicles on breast cancer invasiveness, revealing that the microenvironment's age can influence cancer cell behavior, which is crucial for understanding age-related cancer risks (ref: Yang doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122493/). Moreover, the use of bioengineered small EVs to deliver multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigenic fragments has been shown to drive a broad immunological response, indicating the potential of EVs in vaccine development and infectious disease management (ref: Jackson doi.org/10.1002/jev2.12412/). This highlights the versatility of EVs not only in cancer but also in infectious diseases, showcasing their potential as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents. Furthermore, the automatic data-driven design and 3D printing of custom ocular prostheses, while not directly related to EVs, reflects the technological advancements in personalized medicine that could intersect with EV research in the future (ref: Reinhard doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45345-5/). Collectively, these studies illustrate the multifaceted roles of EVs in cancer biology and their potential applications in therapeutic strategies.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as critical mediators in neurobiology, particularly in the context of neuroinflammatory diseases and neuronal communication. Jiang et al. investigated the role of astrocyte-derived EVs (ADEVs) in alleviating neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in a mouse model, suggesting that these vesicles may play a protective role against autoimmune damage in the central nervous system (ref: Jiang doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adg5116/). This study highlights the potential of ADEVs as therapeutic agents in neuroinflammatory conditions. Additionally, Gu et al. demonstrated that engineering leucocyte-derived EVs to incorporate retrovirus-like capsids enhances the delivery of mRNA into neurons, providing a novel approach to overcome the challenges posed by the blood-brain barrier (ref: Gu doi.org/10.1038/s41551-023-01150-x/). Furthermore, Gao et al. explored the transfer of inflammatory mitochondria via EVs from M1 macrophages, which induce ferroptosis in pancreatic beta cells during acute pancreatitis, indicating a significant pathological role of EVs in neurodegenerative processes (ref: Gao doi.org/10.1002/jev2.12410/). This finding underscores the complex interplay between inflammation and neuronal health. In a broader context, the findings from these studies suggest that EVs not only facilitate intercellular communication in the nervous system but also represent potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions characterized by neuroinflammation.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized for their pivotal roles in immunological processes, influencing both innate and adaptive immune responses. Papareddy et al. examined how EV fusion with target cells can trigger systemic inflammation, demonstrating that EVs can modulate cellular functions and inflammatory signaling pathways without additional stimulation (ref: Papareddy doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45125-1/). This study highlights the potential of EVs as mediators of immune responses and their implications in inflammatory diseases. Additionally, Jackson et al. reported on bioengineered small EVs that deliver multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigenic fragments, driving a broad immunological response, which underscores the utility of EVs in vaccine development and infectious disease management (ref: Jackson doi.org/10.1002/jev2.12412/). Moreover, Xu et al. found that elevated levels of extracellular matrix protein 1 in circulating small EVs under obesity conditions support breast cancer progression, linking metabolic disorders with immune responses and cancer biology (ref: Xu doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45995-5/). This connection between metabolism, immunity, and cancer progression emphasizes the multifaceted roles of EVs in health and disease. Furthermore, Chen et al. highlighted the potential of EVs released by transforming growth factor-beta 1-preconditional mesenchymal stem cells to promote recovery in spinal cord injury models, suggesting their therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine (ref: Chen doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.01.013/). Collectively, these studies illustrate the diverse roles of EVs in immunology and their potential applications in therapeutic interventions.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining traction in regenerative medicine due to their ability to mediate cell-to-cell communication and promote tissue repair. Chen et al. demonstrated that EVs released by transforming growth factor-beta 1-preconditional mesenchymal stem cells can significantly promote recovery in mice with spinal cord injury, highlighting their potential as a therapeutic alternative to cell-based therapies (ref: Chen doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.01.013/). This study underscores the importance of EVs in facilitating neuroprotection and regeneration in the context of spinal cord injuries. In addition, Fan et al. explored the protective effects of EVs derived from Lactobacillus murinus against deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal barrier disruption, suggesting that probiotics may enhance gut health through EV-mediated mechanisms (ref: Fan doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108525/). This finding indicates the potential of EVs in promoting intestinal health and their role in the gut-brain axis. Furthermore, the mapping of exosome distribution in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by Adem et al. provides insights into the local and systemic communication networks that could be leveraged for therapeutic strategies in cancer (ref: Adem doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45753-7/). Together, these studies highlight the diverse applications of EVs in regenerative medicine, from enhancing recovery in neurological conditions to promoting gut health.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized for their role in metabolic disorders, particularly in the context of obesity and its associated complications. Xu et al. reported that elevated levels of extracellular matrix protein 1 in circulating small EVs are linked to breast cancer progression under obesity conditions, suggesting that metabolic changes can influence cancer biology through EV-mediated mechanisms (ref: Xu doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45995-5/). This study highlights the interplay between metabolism and cancer, emphasizing the need to understand how EVs contribute to disease progression in metabolic contexts. Moreover, Jackson et al. demonstrated that bioengineered small EVs can deliver multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigenic fragments, driving a broad immunological response, which may have implications for understanding how metabolic states can affect immune responses during infections (ref: Jackson doi.org/10.1002/jev2.12412/). This connection between metabolic health and immune function underscores the potential of targeting EVs in therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders. Additionally, Chen et al. explored the role of EVs in promoting recovery from spinal cord injury, indicating that EVs may also play a role in metabolic regulation during tissue repair processes (ref: Chen doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.01.013/). Collectively, these findings illustrate the multifaceted roles of EVs in metabolic disorders and their potential as therapeutic targets.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as significant players in cardiovascular research, particularly in understanding the mechanisms of heart disease and potential therapeutic strategies. Chen et al. highlighted the role of EVs released by transforming growth factor-beta 1-preconditional mesenchymal stem cells in promoting recovery from spinal cord injury, which may have implications for cardiovascular health given the interconnectedness of vascular and neural systems (ref: Chen doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.01.013/). This study suggests that EVs could be leveraged for regenerative therapies in cardiovascular contexts as well. Additionally, Fan et al. investigated the protective effects of EVs derived from Lactobacillus murinus against deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal barrier disruption, which may have cardiovascular implications given the gut-heart axis (ref: Fan doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108525/). Understanding how gut-derived EVs can influence cardiovascular health is crucial, especially in the context of metabolic disorders that affect heart function. Furthermore, Adem et al. mapped the distribution of exosomes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, providing insights into how cancer can affect cardiovascular health through systemic communication networks (ref: Adem doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45753-7/). Together, these studies underscore the importance of EVs in cardiovascular research and their potential applications in therapeutic interventions.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining recognition for their role in environmental health, particularly in understanding how environmental pollutants affect human health. Fan et al. explored the protective effects of EVs derived from Lactobacillus murinus against deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal barrier disruption, highlighting the potential of probiotics to mitigate the adverse effects of environmental toxins (ref: Fan doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108525/). This study underscores the importance of gut microbiota and EVs in maintaining intestinal health in the face of environmental challenges. Moreover, Gan et al. developed a one-step strategy for efficient Cr(VI) removal using phytate modified zero-valent iron, which could have implications for reducing environmental pollutants and their associated health risks (ref: Gan doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133636/). Understanding how EVs can be utilized in environmental remediation efforts is crucial for public health. Additionally, Chen et al. demonstrated that EVs released by transforming growth factor-beta 1-preconditional mesenchymal stem cells promote recovery in spinal cord injury, suggesting that EVs may also play a role in environmental health by facilitating recovery from injuries potentially exacerbated by environmental factors (ref: Chen doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.01.013/). Collectively, these studies highlight the multifaceted roles of EVs in environmental health and their potential applications in mitigating the effects of environmental pollutants.