Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a pivotal role in cancer biology, particularly in mediating communication between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Zhou et al. demonstrated that circ-0034880-enriched tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) are instrumental in the formation of pre-metastatic niches (PMN) and colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM). Their findings suggest that targeting these TEVs could serve as a promising therapeutic strategy against PMN formation and CRLM (ref: Zhou doi.org/10.1186/s12943-024-02086-9/). Additionally, Massaro et al. explored the impact of tumor-secreted EVs on therapy resistance in bone cancers, revealing that these EVs induce inflammatory mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) development, which correlates with poor treatment outcomes in osteosarcoma and multiple myeloma (ref: Massaro doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-4097/). In pancreatic cancer, Qin et al. identified that miR-31-5p within EVs enhances chemoresistance by regulating the LATS2-Hippo pathway and promoting SPARC secretion from pancreatic stellate cells, further complicating treatment approaches (ref: Qin doi.org/10.1002/jev2.12488/). Shen et al. introduced a predictive model utilizing tissue-derived small extracellular vesicles (tsEVs) to assess the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer, emphasizing the potential of tsEVs in personalizing treatment strategies (ref: Shen doi.org/10.1002/jev2.12486/). Collectively, these studies underscore the multifaceted roles of EVs in cancer progression and treatment resistance, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets and biomarkers.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized for their role in immune modulation, with significant implications for therapeutic applications. Li et al. demonstrated that inhalable stem cell exosomes significantly promote heart repair following myocardial infarction, showcasing their potential in regenerative medicine (ref: Li doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065005/). In contrast, Yao et al. developed a plug-and-play platform for targeted degradation of extracellular proteins and vesicles, addressing the limitations of existing strategies that rely on specific receptor-mediated delivery, thus enhancing the versatility of EV applications in various therapeutic contexts (ref: Yao doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51720-z/). Furthermore, Dehinwal et al. investigated the mechanisms behind bacterial outer membrane vesicle production, revealing that the outer membrane protein PagC influences vesicle production through pH-dependent interactions, which may have implications for bacterial pathogenesis and immune responses (ref: Dehinwal doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51364-z/). These findings collectively illustrate the diverse roles of EVs in immune modulation, from promoting tissue repair to influencing bacterial interactions, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents.

The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in tissue repair and regeneration has gained considerable attention, particularly in orthopedic and regenerative medicine. Song et al. introduced a novel triphasic microneedle delivery system for circadian rhythm-regulated ADSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (CR-sEVs), which significantly enhanced tendon-to-bone healing in rotator cuff repair models. This innovative approach combines CR-sEVs with a scaffold designed to modulate the inflammatory microenvironment, demonstrating a promising strategy for clinical applications in tendon repair (ref: Song doi.org/10.1002/adma.202408255/). Similarly, Tian et al. explored the use of apoptotic vesicles from donor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to promote osteochondral repair, revealing that these vesicles can induce M2 macrophage polarization and enhance chondrogenic differentiation of endogenous MSCs, thus facilitating tissue regeneration (ref: Tian doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.07.034/). Additionally, Yang et al. reported that EVs from compression-loaded cementoblasts enhance the tissue repair function of macrophages, indicating their crucial role in mineralized tissue remodeling (ref: Yang doi.org/10.1002/advs.202402529/). Collectively, these studies highlight the therapeutic potential of EVs in promoting tissue repair and regeneration, emphasizing their role in modulating the immune response and enhancing cellular differentiation.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as critical players in neurobiology, influencing both cellular communication and pathological processes. Li et al. demonstrated the efficacy of inhalable stem cell exosomes in promoting heart repair after myocardial infarction, which may have implications for neuroprotection in ischemic conditions (ref: Li doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065005/). In a contrasting study, Bostelman et al. challenged the conventional view of EVs at synapses, suggesting that these vesicles may primarily function in waste disposal rather than signaling, thus reshaping our understanding of their role in synaptic function (ref: Bostelman doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202408028/). Furthermore, Spari et al. highlighted the role of released bacterial ATP in shaping local and systemic inflammation during abdominal sepsis, indicating that EVs may mediate inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (ref: Spari doi.org/10.7554/eLife.96678/). These findings collectively underscore the complex roles of EVs in neurobiology, from potential therapeutic applications in heart and brain health to their involvement in inflammatory processes.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized for their role in metabolic disorders, particularly obesity and related conditions. Wang et al. developed a novel formulation of Reconstructed Turmeric-derived Nanovesicles (Rec-tNVs) aimed at obesity intervention, demonstrating their multifaceted metabolic effects and potential as a therapeutic strategy against obesity-related diseases (ref: Wang doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c05309/). In another study, Shi et al. explored the use of two-dimensional transition metal phosphorus trichalcogenide-based membranes for proton field-effect transistors, which could have implications for understanding ion transport in metabolic processes (ref: Shi doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c03649/). These studies highlight the potential of EVs and related technologies in addressing metabolic disorders, emphasizing their role in therapeutic development and understanding metabolic pathways.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining recognition for their roles in infectious diseases, particularly in mediating host-pathogen interactions. Zhang et al. investigated the role of AP3B1 in regulating the function of PDIA3/ERP57, which is crucial for the selective degradation of rabies virus glycoprotein and subsequent viral entry into host cells. Their findings suggest that targeting this pathway could provide new therapeutic avenues for rabies virus infection (ref: Zhang doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2024.2390814/). Additionally, Yang et al. reported that EVs from compression-loaded cementoblasts enhance macrophage tissue repair functions, indicating a potential role in modulating immune responses during infections (ref: Yang doi.org/10.1002/advs.202402529/). These studies collectively emphasize the importance of EVs in understanding infectious diseases and their potential as therapeutic targets.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as promising sources for biomarker discovery, particularly in cancer diagnostics. Yin et al. utilized machine learning-based analysis to identify serum exosomal proteomic signatures for colorectal cancer diagnosis, highlighting the potential of PF4 and AACT as superior biomarkers compared to traditional markers like CEA and CA19-9 (ref: Yin doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101689/). Min et al. further explored circulating small extracellular vesicle RNA profiling, successfully distinguishing T1a stage colorectal cancer and advanced adenoma from normal controls through a 60-gene model, validated by RT-qPCR (ref: Min doi.org/10.7554/eLife.88675/). These findings underscore the potential of EVs in non-invasive cancer diagnostics, paving the way for future research in biomarker development and personalized medicine.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being explored as innovative vehicles for drug delivery, leveraging their natural properties for therapeutic applications. Yang et al. demonstrated that EVs derived from compression-loaded cementoblasts can enhance the tissue repair function of macrophages, suggesting their potential in delivering therapeutic agents to modulate immune responses and promote healing (ref: Yang doi.org/10.1002/advs.202402529/). This study highlights the dual role of EVs in both facilitating tissue repair and serving as drug delivery systems, indicating their versatility in therapeutic contexts. The exploration of EVs in drug delivery continues to evolve, with ongoing research aimed at optimizing their use for targeted therapies and improving patient outcomes.