Research on cancer and extracellular vesicles (EVs) has revealed critical insights into their roles in tumor progression and immune evasion. Tumor-derived exosomes (T-EXOs) have been shown to hinder the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade therapies, prompting the development of innovative strategies to inhibit their function. For instance, a curvature-sensing peptide was engineered to disrupt T-EXOs from various cancer types, enhancing the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy (ref: Shin doi.org/10.1038/s41563-023-01515-2/). Additionally, colorectal cancer-derived EVs were found to induce an immunosuppressive niche in the liver, facilitating early liver metastasis through the enrichment of Tgf-β1, which was confirmed using CRISPR-Cas9 techniques (ref: Yang doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01384-w/). These findings underscore the multifaceted roles of EVs in cancer biology, particularly in metastasis and immune modulation. Moreover, the isolation and analysis of T-EVs are paramount for clinical applications, as demonstrated by the development of a fluid multivalent magnetic interface that significantly enhances the isolation efficiency of T-EVs (ref: Niu doi.org/10.1002/anie.202215337/). This method improves the yield of protein profiling, which is crucial for understanding the molecular landscape of tumors. In hepatocellular carcinoma, exosomal circCCAR1 was identified as a key player in CD8+ T-cell dysfunction and resistance to anti-PD1 therapy, highlighting the importance of EVs in shaping the immune response against tumors (ref: Hu doi.org/10.1186/s12943-023-01759-1/). Collectively, these studies illustrate the complex interplay between EVs and cancer, revealing potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a significant role in cardiovascular health, particularly in the context of ischemic heart failure. Recent studies have shown that exosomes secreted from cardiomyocytes can suppress tumor cell sensitivity to ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death. This was evidenced by experiments where exosomes from post-myocardial infarction (MI) plasma inhibited ferroptotic cell death in various tumor cell lines, suggesting a protective mechanism that may influence tumor behavior in the setting of heart disease (ref: Yuan doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01336-4/). The cardiomyocyte-enriched miR-22-3p was identified as a key component of these exosomes, indicating that specific microRNAs can modulate tumor responses in the context of cardiovascular conditions. Additionally, the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cardiac repair has been explored, with findings indicating that lncRNA-Tcf21 can promote cardiac function and reduce fibrosis in models of myocardial infarction. This study highlights the potential of lncRNA-based therapies in enhancing cardiac repair mechanisms through EV-mediated pathways (ref: Zhu doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/). Furthermore, the identification of biomarkers related to obesity and diabetes mellitus has been linked to pancreatic carcinogenesis, emphasizing the interconnectedness of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular health (ref: Ruze doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01376-w/). These findings collectively underscore the importance of EVs in mediating cardiovascular health and disease, revealing novel therapeutic avenues and biomarkers.

The intersection of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and metabolic disorders has garnered significant attention, particularly regarding their roles in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Research indicates that these conditions are critical risk factors for various cancers, including pancreatic cancer, which has seen a steady rise in incidence. The mechanisms underlying this relationship involve the complex interplay of EVs that facilitate communication between adipose tissue, pancreatic cells, and the immune system, thereby influencing tumor microenvironments (ref: Ruze doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01376-w/). This highlights the potential of EVs as biomarkers for early detection and as therapeutic targets in metabolic-related cancers. Moreover, advancements in diagnostic technologies utilizing EVs have emerged, such as the development of a single test-based system for the early detection of multiple cancer types. This system demonstrated high accuracy in identifying cancer presence and classifying tumor organ types, showcasing the diagnostic potential of EVs in clinical settings (ref: Shin doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37403-1/). Additionally, the exploration of interlayer interactions in van der Waals heterostructures has implications for understanding the electronic properties of materials used in biosensing applications, further bridging the gap between metabolic disorders and innovative diagnostic approaches (ref: Li doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c12879/). Together, these studies emphasize the critical role of EVs in metabolic disorders and their potential as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are pivotal in modulating immune responses, particularly in the context of cancer and metabolic disorders. Recent findings have highlighted how obesity and diabetes mellitus contribute to pancreatic carcinogenesis, with EVs serving as mediators of this process. The increasing prevalence of these metabolic conditions has been linked to a rise in pancreatic cancer incidence, underscoring the importance of understanding the role of EVs in immune modulation and tumor progression (ref: Ruze doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01376-w/). EVs derived from tumor cells can alter the immune landscape, promoting an environment conducive to tumor growth and metastasis. In addition, the development of diagnostic tools utilizing EVs has shown promise in early cancer detection. A novel system employing exosome surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) combined with artificial intelligence demonstrated high accuracy in identifying multiple cancer types at early stages, indicating the potential of EVs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis (ref: Shin doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37403-1/). These advancements not only enhance our understanding of the immune response in cancer but also pave the way for innovative diagnostic approaches that leverage the unique properties of EVs. Collectively, these studies illustrate the dual role of EVs in both facilitating immune evasion by tumors and serving as valuable tools for cancer diagnostics.

The use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis is an emerging field with significant clinical implications. Recent studies have identified protein biomarkers within EVs that can aid in the early detection of cholangiocarcinoma, a type of biliary cancer known for its poor prognosis. High-throughput proteomics approaches have successfully identified diagnostic markers for various subtypes of cholangiocarcinoma, which were validated through ELISA, demonstrating the potential of EVs in liquid biopsy applications (ref: Lapitz doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2023.02.027/). This highlights the utility of EVs in providing non-invasive diagnostic options for high-risk patients. In addition to cholangiocarcinoma, a blood-based long noncoding RNA signature has been developed for the early detection of gastric cancer, further emphasizing the role of EVs in cancer diagnostics (ref: Guo doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2023.02.044/). The ability to classify tumor types and predict outcomes using EV-derived biomarkers is a promising advancement in oncology. Furthermore, the integration of advanced diagnostic technologies, such as the Exosome-SERS-AI system, has shown high sensitivity and specificity in identifying early-stage cancers, reinforcing the potential of EVs as a cornerstone in future diagnostic strategies (ref: Shin doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37403-1/). These findings collectively underscore the transformative potential of EVs in cancer biomarker discovery and diagnostic applications.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized for their role in tissue repair and regeneration, particularly in the context of diabetic ulcers and wound healing. Recent innovations have introduced bioinspired adaptable microneedles that utilize mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes to promote tissue regeneration. These microneedles have demonstrated efficacy in activating fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and macrophages, thereby enhancing healing processes in diabetic rat models (ref: Zhang doi.org/10.1002/adma.202210903/). This approach highlights the therapeutic potential of EVs in regenerative medicine, offering a novel strategy for treating chronic wounds. Moreover, the integration of EVs in therapeutic applications extends to their diagnostic capabilities, as seen in the development of a single test-based system for early cancer detection. This system not only identifies cancer presence but also classifies tumor organ types with high accuracy, showcasing the dual utility of EVs in both diagnostics and therapeutic contexts (ref: Shin doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37403-1/). The ability of EVs to facilitate communication between cells and modulate biological responses positions them as critical players in both tissue repair mechanisms and cancer biology, paving the way for future research and clinical applications.

The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in neurological disorders has gained attention, particularly in the context of inflammatory diseases such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Recent studies have shown that astrocyte-derived exosomes can contribute to the pathologies associated with NMOSD by releasing factors that injure neighboring cells in response to aquaporin-4 autoantibodies (ref: Xie doi.org/10.1002/ana.26650/). This highlights the potential of EVs as mediators of neuroinflammation and their role in the progression of neurological disorders. In addition to their pathological roles, EVs also present opportunities for diagnostic advancements. The development of a single test-based system for early cancer detection utilizing EVs demonstrates their versatility in clinical applications, showcasing their potential not only in oncology but also in understanding and diagnosing neurological conditions (ref: Shin doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37403-1/). The exploration of EVs in both cancer and neurological disorders underscores their significance as biomarkers and therapeutic targets, emphasizing the need for continued research in this area.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as important players in the context of infectious diseases, particularly in their potential as diagnostic tools. Recent advancements have highlighted the ability of EVs to carry molecular signatures that can be utilized for early cancer detection, demonstrating their relevance in identifying disease states (ref: Shin doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37403-1/). This underscores the versatility of EVs in various disease contexts, including infectious diseases, where they may play roles in pathogen-host interactions and immune responses. The exploration of EVs in infectious diseases is still in its early stages, but their potential as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis is promising. As research continues to uncover the mechanisms by which EVs influence disease processes, their application in clinical diagnostics could revolutionize how infectious diseases are identified and managed. The ongoing studies into the roles of EVs in both cancer and infectious diseases highlight their significance as a unifying theme in biomedical research.