Recent advancements in the management of endometrial cancer have led to significant updates in treatment guidelines and therapeutic strategies. The ESGO-ESTRO-ESP guidelines have been revised to incorporate the new FIGO staging system, which integrates both anatomical and biological factors to better stratify patients based on prognosis and treatment needs (ref: Concin doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(25)00167-6/). This systematic review involved a multidisciplinary group of experts who evaluated a vast array of literature to ensure that the guidelines reflect the latest evidence in the field. Furthermore, the NCCN guidelines have also been updated to include new systemic therapy recommendations, emphasizing the importance of continuous evaluation of treatment protocols in light of emerging data (ref: Abu-Rustum doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2025.0038/). In terms of treatment modalities, a study comparing fertility-preserving hormonal therapy to hysterectomy in premenopausal women with early-stage endometrial cancer found no significant difference in survival rates, suggesting that hormonal therapy may be a viable option for younger patients (ref: Suzuki doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.2761/). Additionally, the GINECO randomized phase IIb UTOLA trial explored the efficacy of maintenance olaparib following platinum-based chemotherapy, indicating potential benefits for patients with advanced/metastatic endometrial cancer (ref: Joly doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62678-x/).

The molecular landscape of endometrial carcinoma is increasingly being elucidated through various studies focusing on genetic alterations and epigenetic reprogramming. A study identified a novel mechanism of tumor suppressor gene inactivation through histone modification, which adds a new layer of complexity to our understanding of carcinogenesis in endometrial cancer (ref: Sahoo doi.org/10.1172/JCI190989/). Furthermore, single-cell sequencing has revealed that PI3K pathway mutations, which are prevalent in endometrioid endometrial carcinomas, often co-occur, suggesting a convergent evolutionary process that may influence therapeutic responses (ref: Da Cruz Paula doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-25-1237/). The role of gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in the progression of endometrial cancer has also been highlighted, indicating that metabolic pathways may be crucial in understanding tumorigenesis and potential therapeutic targets (ref: Chen doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1610534/). These findings underscore the need for personalized approaches in treatment, considering the molecular heterogeneity of endometrial carcinoma.

The epidemiology of endometrial cancer continues to evolve, with various studies identifying significant risk factors associated with its development. A nationwide cohort study demonstrated a progressive increase in endometrial cancer risk linked to cumulative abdominal obesity exposure in young women, highlighting the importance of lifestyle factors in cancer prevention (ref: Lee doi.org/10.1038/s41366-025-01862-x/). Additionally, a systematic review and meta-analysis indicated a potential association between occupational benzene exposure and increased risk of female genital cancers, including endometrial cancer, suggesting that environmental factors play a critical role in cancer risk (ref: Shah doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-25-0018/). The relationship between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, specifically aspirin and ibuprofen, and endometrial cancer risk remains controversial, with some studies suggesting a protective effect while others indicate no significant association (ref: Zhao doi.org/10.1002/ijc.70101/). These findings emphasize the need for ongoing research to clarify the multifactorial nature of endometrial cancer risk.

Cervical cancer screening and prevention strategies are critical in reducing the burden of this disease, particularly in resource-limited settings. A study assessing the impact of HPV vaccination and screening strategies in South Korea found that combined efforts could significantly lower cervical cancer incidence, underscoring the importance of integrated public health approaches (ref: Luu doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.26683/). Furthermore, a pilot study on HPV16 L2E7E6 fusion protein vaccination indicated promising results in enhancing anti-tumor immunity in patients with HPV16+ cervical cancer, suggesting that vaccination could play a role in post-treatment care (ref: Gaillard doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2025.08.006/). Additionally, disparities in screening uptake between urban and rural populations in sub-Saharan Africa were highlighted, revealing a significant gap that needs to be addressed to ensure equitable access to cervical cancer prevention services (ref: Ndeke doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2024-018634/). These studies collectively emphasize the need for tailored interventions to improve screening rates and vaccination coverage.

Lifestyle and environmental factors significantly influence cancer risk and progression, as evidenced by recent studies. A multi-omics study developed a risk prediction model for cervical cancer associated with exposure to benzo[a]pyrene and nicotine, demonstrating the potential of integrating toxicological analyses with molecular data to enhance risk assessment (ref: Ning doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118895/). Moreover, the impact of altered gut microbiota on endometrial cancer progression in overweight populations has been explored, suggesting that metabolic interactions between gut microbes and host metabolism could contribute to tumorigenesis (ref: Chen doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1610534/). Additionally, a systematic review indicated a potential link between occupational benzene exposure and female genital cancers, reinforcing the need for workplace safety measures to mitigate cancer risk (ref: Shah doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-25-0018/). These findings highlight the importance of addressing modifiable risk factors in cancer prevention strategies.

Innovative approaches in cancer diagnosis and biomarker identification are paving the way for improved patient outcomes. A study on the diagnostic utility of ultrasound markers for predicting the need for cesarean hysterectomy in patients at risk for placenta accreta spectrum disorders demonstrated a high success rate for uterine-sparing surgeries, indicating the potential for non-invasive diagnostic techniques (ref: Aryananda doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2025.08.005/). Additionally, a novel panel of circulating proteins and metabolites was validated for the noninvasive preoperative diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer, showing robust generalizability across independent cohorts (ref: Jia doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04341-2/). Furthermore, the diagnostic performance of PAX1 gene methylation in cervical lesions was found to surpass traditional cytological examinations, suggesting its potential as a reliable biomarker for triaging HPV-positive patients (ref: Chen doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1634297/). These advancements underscore the critical role of innovative diagnostic tools in enhancing cancer detection and management.

Healthcare disparities significantly impact cancer treatment outcomes, particularly for rural populations. A qualitative study revealed that rural endometrial cancer patients often face barriers to receiving optimal care, including limited access to lymph node evaluation and high-quality surgical interventions (ref: Petermann doi.org/10.1111/jrh.70065/). Additionally, a systematic review and meta-analysis on the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced endometrial cancer highlighted disparities in treatment efficacy, with findings suggesting that patients with proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) may benefit from combined therapies, yet overall survival improvements remain inconsistent (ref: Saâd doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104873/). The analysis of prophylactic ureteral stents during radical hysterectomy indicated no significant difference in urinary complications, emphasizing the need for standardized practices to enhance surgical outcomes (ref: Wang doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2025.07.022/). These studies illustrate the urgent need to address healthcare disparities to improve cancer treatment accessibility and effectiveness.

Immunotherapy is emerging as a promising avenue for treating endometrial cancer, with several studies exploring its efficacy in combination with conventional therapies. A systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) alongside systemic treatments, revealing improved progression-free survival for pMMR patients, although overall survival benefits were not consistently observed (ref: Saâd doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104873/). The GINECO randomized phase IIb UTOLA trial investigated the use of maintenance olaparib following platinum-based chemotherapy, suggesting that PARP inhibition may offer a beneficial strategy for patients with advanced/metastatic endometrial cancer (ref: Joly doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62678-x/). Additionally, the exploration of HPV16 L2E7E6 fusion protein vaccination in cervical cancer patients demonstrated potential for enhancing anti-tumor immunity, indicating that immunotherapeutic strategies could be beneficial in the context of HPV-related malignancies (ref: Gaillard doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2025.08.006/). These findings highlight the evolving landscape of immunotherapy in endometrial cancer treatment and the need for further research to optimize therapeutic approaches.