Endometrial carcinoma, particularly early-onset endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEEC), is increasingly prevalent among younger women, necessitating a focus on fertility preservation and molecular characterization. A comprehensive multi-omics study involving 215 patients, including 81 with EEEC, revealed critical molecular insights that could predict responses to fertility-sparing therapies (ref: Hu doi.org/10.1038/s41588-024-01703-z/). Additionally, the molecular characterization of endometrial cancer (EC) has emerged as a pivotal factor in developing prognostic signatures and therapeutic strategies, especially considering that 5-10% of EC cases are hereditary, predominantly linked to Lynch syndrome (ref: D'Agostino doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102723/). Furthermore, the clinical and genomic landscape of RAS mutations in gynecologic cancers has been explored, highlighting their implications for survival and treatment strategies, with a focus on the association between RAS mutation status and overall survival rates (ref: Son doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-2819/). The Endometrioid Endometrial RNA Index has also been identified as a promising tool for predicting recurrence in stage I patients, emphasizing the potential of genomic and transcriptomic data in improving patient outcomes (ref: Nief doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-3158/).

Recent studies have evaluated various treatment strategies for endometrial cancer, particularly focusing on the efficacy of radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy for local recurrences. A multicenter clinical trial demonstrated that adding chemotherapy to radiation therapy did not improve progression-free survival (PFS) for patients with low-grade endometrioid histology and vaginal recurrences, instead increasing acute toxicity (ref: Klopp doi.org/10.1200/JCO.23.01279/). In another study, a selective anatomically based lymph node sampling approach was proposed as a viable alternative to traditional pelvic lymphadenectomy in cases of failed sentinel node mapping, revealing that a significant proportion of metastatic sentinel nodes were located outside typical anatomical positions (ref: Bollino doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114049/). The long-term effects of prenatal exposure to radiotherapy were also investigated, revealing no significant associations with fetal radiation dose or timing, although some neurocognitive outcomes were noted (ref: Van Assche doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00075-0/). Additionally, the relationship between hypertension and the incidence of uterine fibroids was explored, indicating that untreated hypertension may increase the risk of fibroid diagnosis, while treated hypertension appears to lower this risk (ref: Mitro doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.6832/).

Cervical cancer research has increasingly focused on the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in disease prognosis and early detection. A study highlighted the potential of cell-free HPV DNA as a sensitive biomarker for prognosis and early relapse detection in locally advanced cervical cancer, with a significant proportion of patients testing positive for high-risk HPV types (ref: Sivars doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-3941/). Furthermore, a randomized phase II trial assessed the efficacy of imiquimod, both alone and in combination with a 9-valent HPV vaccine, in treating high-grade pre-neoplastic cervical lesions, showing promising results in histologic regression (ref: Sheth doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-3639/). Innovative approaches, such as ultrasound-triggered azo free radicals for immunotherapy, have been explored to enhance treatment efficacy in recurrent cervical cancer, addressing challenges posed by the tumor microenvironment (ref: Wang doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c10625/). Additionally, a study examining the relationship between vaginal and oral microbiomes in HPV-infected patients revealed significant microbial diversity alterations associated with cancer development (ref: Zhang doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-05124-8/).

The field of immunotherapy in gynecologic cancers is evolving, with a call for improved preclinical models to bridge the gap between laboratory research and clinical application. Current disparities in available syngeneic models for endometrial and cervical cancers hinder progress, emphasizing the need for further investigation into newly developed cell lines (ref: Chambers doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-2570/). The association between programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in cervical cancer patients has been explored, suggesting that ADC values could serve as reliable imaging biomarkers to guide immunotherapy decisions (ref: Liu doi.org/10.1007/s00330-024-10759-8/). Moreover, the effectiveness of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine against cervical intraepithelial lesions has been assessed in a large cohort of Norwegian women, demonstrating significant vaccine effectiveness in preventing severe lesions (ref: Orumaa doi.org/10.1093/infdis/).

Epidemiological studies have identified various risk factors associated with gynecologic cancers, including the impact of transport modes on cancer risk. A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that higher levels of walking and cycling are associated with a reduced risk of breast and endometrial cancers, highlighting the importance of physical activity in cancer prevention (ref: Thu doi.org/10.1186/s12940-024-01081-3/). Additionally, a study examining racial disparities in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma outcomes found that Black patients had significantly higher risks of cancer recurrence and mortality compared to White patients, underscoring the need for targeted interventions (ref: Kopelman doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2024.03.026/). Furthermore, a population-based study indicated that a notable percentage of women diagnosed with gynecological cancers are alive after treatment, suggesting improvements in follow-up care and support for cured patients (ref: Giudici doi.org/10.1093/aje/).

Surgical approaches in gynecologic oncology have been critically evaluated, particularly regarding lymph node sampling techniques in endometrial cancer. A study demonstrated that selective anatomically based lymph node sampling could effectively replace traditional pelvic lymphadenectomy in cases where sentinel node mapping fails, with a significant proportion of metastases found in atypical locations (ref: Bollino doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114049/). The long-term effects of prenatal exposure to radiotherapy on children born to mothers treated during pregnancy were also investigated, revealing no significant associations with fetal radiation dose but noting some neurocognitive challenges in a subset of participants (ref: Van Assche doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00075-0/). Additionally, the relationship between hypertension and the incidence of uterine fibroids was explored, indicating that untreated hypertension may increase the risk of fibroid diagnosis, while treated hypertension appears to lower this risk (ref: Mitro doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.6832/).

Genomic and epigenomic studies have provided valuable insights into the molecular underpinnings of gynecologic cancers. A systematic review highlighted the associations between various transport modes and site-specific cancers, revealing that higher levels of walking and cycling are linked to reduced risks of breast and endometrial cancers (ref: Thu doi.org/10.1186/s12940-024-01081-3/). The effectiveness of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine against cervical intraepithelial lesions was assessed in a large cohort of Norwegian women, demonstrating significant vaccine effectiveness in preventing severe lesions (ref: Orumaa doi.org/10.1093/infdis/). Furthermore, a study on the recessive effects of human polymerase δ proofreading deficiency through mutational analysis of POLD1-mutated cells shed light on the genetic predisposition to various cancers, including endometrial cancer (ref: Andrianova doi.org/10.1038/s41431-024-01598-8/).

Research on patient outcomes and quality of life in gynecologic cancers has highlighted the importance of understanding the long-term effects of treatment. A study examining the impact of ultrasound-triggered azo free radicals for cervical cancer immunotherapy revealed promising results in enhancing treatment efficacy, particularly in recurrent cases (ref: Wang doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c10625/). Additionally, a systematic review assessed the associations between transport modes and site-specific cancers, indicating that higher levels of physical activity, such as walking and cycling, are linked to reduced risks of breast and endometrial cancers (ref: Thu doi.org/10.1186/s12940-024-01081-3/). The discovery of recessive effects of human polymerase δ proofreading deficiency through mutational analysis of POLD1-mutated cells has also contributed to understanding the genetic factors influencing cancer predisposition and patient outcomes (ref: Andrianova doi.org/10.1038/s41431-024-01598-8/).